CVE-2022-28000 to CVE-2022-28999

155 CVEs with public proof-of-concept exploits.

• CVE-2022-280002 PoCsCar Rental System v1.0 was discovered to contain a SQL injection vulnerability at /Car_Rental/booking.php via the id parameter.
• CVE-2022-280012 PoCsMovie Seat Reservation v1 was discovered to contain a SQL injection vulnerability at /index.php?page=reserve via the id parameter.
• CVE-2022-280022 PoCsMovie Seat Reservation v1 was discovered to contain an unauthenticated file disclosure vulnerability via /index.php?page=home.
• CVE-2022-280211 PoCPurchase Order Management System v1.0 was discovered to contain a remote code execution (RCE) vulnerability via…
• CVE-2022-280222 PoCsPurchase Order Management System v1.0 was discovered to contain a SQL injection vulnerability via…
• CVE-2022-280232 PoCsPurchase Order Management System v1.0 was discovered to contain a SQL injection vulnerability via…
• CVE-2022-280241 PoCStudent Grading System v1.0 was discovered to contain a SQL injection vulnerability via /student-grading-system/rms.php?page=grade.
• CVE-2022-280251 PoCStudent Grading System v1.0 was discovered to contain a SQL injection vulnerability via /student-grading-system/rms.php?page=school_year.
• CVE-2022-280261 PoCStudent Grading System v1.0 was discovered to contain a SQL injection vulnerability via /student-grading-system/rms.php?page=student_p&id=.
• CVE-2022-280281 PoCSimple Real Estate Portal System v1.0 was discovered to contain a SQL injection vulnerability via /reps/classes/Master.php?f=delete_amenity.
• CVE-2022-280291 PoCSimple Real Estate Portal System v1.0 was discovered to contain a SQL injection vulnerability via /reps/classes/Master.php?f=delete_type.
• CVE-2022-280301 PoCSimple Real Estate Portal System v1.0 was discovered to contain a SQL injection vulnerability via /reps/classes/Master.php?f=delete_estate.
• CVE-2022-280322 PoCsAtomCMS 2.0 is vulnerable to SQL Injection via Atom.CMS_admin_ajax_pages.php
• CVE-2022-280331 PoCAtom.CMS 2.0 is vulnerable to SQL Injection via Atom.CMS_admin_uploads.php
• CVE-2022-280511 PoCThe "Add category" functionality inside the "Global Keywords" menu in "SeedDMS" version 6.0.18 and 5.1.25, is prone to stored XSS which…
• CVE-2022-280601 PoCSQL Injection vulnerability in Victor CMS v1.0, via the user_name parameter to /includes/login.php.
• CVE-2022-280621 PoCCar Rental System v1.0 contains an arbitrary file upload vulnerability via the Add Car component which allows attackers to upload a…
• CVE-2022-280631 PoCSimple Bakery Shop Management System v1.0 contains a file disclosure via /bsms/?page=products.
• CVE-2022-280771 PoCHome Owners Collection Management v1 was discovered to contain a reflected cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability in the Admin panel via…
• CVE-2022-280781 PoCHome Owners Collection Management v1 was discovered to contain a reflected cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability in the Admin panel via…
• CVE-2022-280793 PoCsCollege Management System v1.0 was discovered to contain a SQL injection vulnerability via the course_code parameter.
• CVE-2022-280804 PoCsRoyal Event Management System v1.0 was discovered to contain a SQL injection vulnerability via the todate parameter.
• CVE-2022-280851 PoCA flaw was found in htmldoc commit 31f7804. A heap buffer overflow in the function pdf_write_names in ps-pdf.cxx may lead to arbitrary…
• CVE-2022-280901 PoCJspxcms v10.2.0 allows attackers to execute a Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF) via /cmscp/ext/collect/fetch_url.do?url=.
• CVE-2022-280991 PoCPoultry Farm Management System v1.0 was discovered to contain a SQL injection vulnerability via the Item parameter at /farm/store.php.
• CVE-2022-281021 PoCA cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability in PHP MySQL Admin Panel Generator v1 allows attackers to execute arbitrary web scripts or HTML…
• CVE-2022-281041 PoCFoxit PDF Editor v11.3.1 was discovered to contain an arbitrary file upload vulnerability.
• CVE-2022-281082 PoCsSelenium Server (Grid) before 4 allows CSRF because it permits non-JSON content types such as application/x-www-form-urlencoded…
• CVE-2022-281091 PoCSelenium Selenium Grid (formerly Selenium Standalone Server) Fixed in 4.0.0-alpha-7 is affected by: DNS rebinding. The impact is: execute…
• CVE-2022-281131 PoCAn issue in upload.csp of FANTEC GmbH MWiD25-DS Firmware v2.000.030 allows attackers to write files and reset the user passwords without…
• CVE-2022-281176 PoCsA Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF) in feed_parser class of Navigate CMS v2.9.4 allows remote attackers to force the application to make…
• CVE-2022-281271 PoCA data removal vulnerability exists in the web_server /action/remove/ API functionality of Robustel R1510 3.3.0. A specially-crafted…
• CVE-2022-281321 PoCThe T-Soft E-Commerce 4 web application is susceptible to SQL injection (SQLi) attacks when authenticated as an admin or privileged user…
• CVE-2022-281715 PoCsThe web module in some Hikvision Hybrid SAN/Cluster Storage products have the following security vulnerability. Due to the insufficient…
• CVE-2022-282132 PoCsWhen a user access SOAP Web services in SAP BusinessObjects Business Intelligence Platform - version 420, 430, it does not sufficiently…
• CVE-2022-282197 PoCsCewolf in Zoho ManageEngine ADAudit Plus before 7060 is vulnerable to an unauthenticated XXE attack that leads to Remote Code Execution.
• CVE-2022-282811 PoCIf a compromised content process sent an unexpected number of WebAuthN Extensions in a Register command to the parent process, an out of…
• CVE-2022-282821 PoCBy using a link with <code>rel="localization"</code> a use-after-free could have been triggered by destroying an object during JavaScript…
• CVE-2022-282861 PoCDue to a layout change, iframe contents could have been rendered outside of its border. This could have led to user confusion or spoofing…
• CVE-2022-282871 PoCIn unusual circumstances, selecting text could cause text selection caching to behave incorrectly, leading to a crash. This vulnerability…
• CVE-2022-282901 PoCReflective Cross-Site Scripting vulnerability in WordPress Country Selector Plugin Version 1.6.5. The XSS payload executes whenever the…
• CVE-2022-283452 PoCsThe Signal app before 5.34 for iOS allows URI spoofing via RTLO injection. It incorrectly renders RTLO encoded URLs beginning with a…
• CVE-2022-283464 PoCsAn issue was discovered in Django 2.2 before 2.2.28, 3.2 before 3.2.13, and 4.0 before 4.0.4. QuerySet.annotate(), aggregate(), and…
• CVE-2022-283531 PoCIn the External Redirect Warning Plugin 1.3 for MyBB, the redirect URL (aka external.php?url=) is vulnerable to XSS.
• CVE-2022-283541 PoCIn the Active Threads Plugin 1.3.0 for MyBB, the activethreads.php date parameter is vulnerable to XSS when setting a time period.
• CVE-2022-283561 PoCIn the Linux kernel before 5.17.1, a refcount leak bug was found in net/llc/af_llc.c.
• CVE-2022-283633 PoCsReprise License Manager 14.2 is affected by a reflected cross-site scripting vulnerability (XSS) in the /goform/login_process username…
• CVE-2022-283641 PoCReprise License Manager 14.2 is affected by a reflected cross-site scripting vulnerability (XSS) in the /goform/rlmswitchr_process file…
• CVE-2022-283653 PoCsReprise License Manager 14.2 is affected by an Information Disclosure vulnerability via a GET request to /goforms/rlminfo. No…
• CVE-2022-283686 PoCsDompdf 1.2.1 allows remote code execution via a .php file in the src:url field of an @font-face Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) statement…
• CVE-2022-283814 PoCsMediaserver.exe in ALLMediaServer 1.6 has a stack-based buffer overflow that allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code via a long…
• CVE-2022-2838213 PoCsAn issue was discovered in certain Verbatim drives through 2022-03-31. Due to the use of an insecure encryption AES mode (Electronic…
• CVE-2022-2838313 PoCsAn issue was discovered in certain Verbatim drives through 2022-03-31. Due to insufficient firmware validation, an attacker can store…
• CVE-2022-283847 PoCsAn issue was discovered in certain Verbatim drives through 2022-03-31. Due to an insecure design, they allow an offline brute-force attack…
• CVE-2022-283855 PoCsAn issue was discovered in certain Verbatim drives through 2022-03-31. Due to missing integrity checks, an attacker can manipulate the…
• CVE-2022-283861 PoCAn issue was discovered in certain Verbatim drives through 2022-03-31. The security feature for lockout (e.g., requiring a reformat of the…
• CVE-2022-283876 PoCsAn issue was discovered in certain Verbatim drives through 2022-03-31. Due to an insecure design, they can be unlocked by an attacker who…
• CVE-2022-284101 PoCSimple Real Estate Portal System v1.0 was discovered to contain a SQL injection vulnerability via /reps/classes/Users.php?f=delete_agent.
• CVE-2022-284111 PoCSimple Real Estate Portal System v1.0 was discovered to contain a SQL injection vulnerability via /reps/admin/?page=agents/manage_agent.
• CVE-2022-284121 PoCCar Driving School Managment System v1.0 was discovered to contain a SQL injection vulnerability via…
• CVE-2022-284131 PoCCar Driving School Management System v1.0 was discovered to contain a SQL injection vulnerability via…
• CVE-2022-284523 PoCsRed Planet Laundry Management System 1.0 is vulnerable to SQL Injection.
• CVE-2022-284631 PoCImageMagick 7.1.0-27 is vulnerable to Buffer Overflow.
• CVE-2022-284681 PoCPayroll Management System v1.0 was discovered to contain a SQL injection vulnerability via the username parameter.
• CVE-2022-284711 PoCIn ffjpeg (commit hash: caade60), the function bmp_load() in bmp.c contains an integer overflow vulnerability, which eventually results in…
• CVE-2022-284781 PoCSeedDMS 6.0.17 and 5.1.24 are vulnerable to Directory Traversal. The "Remove file" functionality inside the "Log files management" menu…
• CVE-2022-284791 PoCSeedDMS versions 6.0.18 and 5.1.25 and below are vulnerable to stored XSS. An attacker with admin privileges can inject the payload inside…
• CVE-2022-284801 PoCALLMediaServer 1.6 is vulnerable to Buffer Overflow via MediaServer.exe.
• CVE-2022-284882 PoCsThe function wav_format_write in libwav.c in libwav through 2017-04-20 has an Use of Uninitialized Variable vulnerability.
• CVE-2022-284911 PoCTOTOLink outdoor CPE CP900 V6.3c.566_B20171026 contains a command injection vulnerability in the NTPSyncWithHost function via the…
• CVE-2022-284921 PoCTOTOLINK Technology CPE with firmware V6.3c.566 ,allows remote attackers to bypass Login.
• CVE-2022-284941 PoCTOTOLink outdoor CPE CP900 V6.3c.566_B20171026 is discovered to contain a command injection vulnerability in the setUpgradeFW function via…
• CVE-2022-284951 PoCTOTOLink outdoor CPE CP900 V6.3c.566_B20171026 is discovered to contain a command injection vulnerability in the setWebWlanIdx function…
• CVE-2022-285062 PoCsThere is a heap-buffer-overflow in GIFLIB 5.2.1 function DumpScreen2RGB() in gif2rgb.c:298:45.
• CVE-2022-285071 PoCDragon Path Technologies Bharti Airtel Routers Hardware BDT-121 version 1.0 is vulnerable to Cross Site Scripting (XSS) via Dragon path…
• CVE-2022-285083 PoCsAn XSS issue was discovered in browser_search_plugin.php in MantisBT before 2.25.2. Unescaped output of the return parameter allows an…
• CVE-2022-285211 PoCZCMS v20170206 was discovered to contain a file inclusion vulnerability via index.php?m=home&c=home&a=sp_set_config.
• CVE-2022-285221 PoCZCMS v20170206 was discovered to contain a stored cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability via index.php?m=home&c=message&a=add.
• CVE-2022-285301 PoCSourcecodester Covid-19 Directory on Vaccination System 1.0 is vulnerable to SQL Injection via cmdcategory.
• CVE-2022-285311 PoCSourcecodester Covid-19 Directory on Vaccination System1.0 is vulnerable to SQL Injection via the admin/login.php txtusername (aka…
• CVE-2022-285331 PoCSourcecodester Medical Hub Directory Site 1.0 is vulnerable to SQL Injection via /mhds/clinic/view_details.php.
• CVE-2022-285601 PoCThere is a stack overflow vulnerability in the goform/fast_setting_wifi_set function in the httpd service of Tenda ac9 15.03.2.21_cn…
• CVE-2022-285611 PoCThere is a stack overflow vulnerability in the /goform/setMacFilterCfg function in the httpd service of Tenda ax12 22.03.01.21_cn router…
• CVE-2022-285712 PoCsD-link 882 DIR882A1_FW130B06 was discovered to contain a command injection vulnerability in`/usr/bin/cli.
• CVE-2022-285721 PoCTenda AX1806 v1.0.0.1 was discovered to contain a command injection vulnerability in `SetIPv6Status` function
• CVE-2022-285731 PoCD-Link DIR-823-Pro v1.0.2 was discovered to contain a command injection vulnerability in the function SetNTPserverSeting. This…
• CVE-2022-285751 PoCIt is found that there is a command injection vulnerability in the setopenvpnclientcfg interface in TOTOlink A7100RU…
• CVE-2022-285771 PoCIt is found that there is a command injection vulnerability in the delParentalRules interface in TOTOlink A7100RU (v7.4cu.2313_b20191024)…
• CVE-2022-285781 PoCIt is found that there is a command injection vulnerability in the setOpenVpnCfg interface in TOTOlink A7100RU (v7.4cu.2313_b20191024)…
• CVE-2022-285791 PoCIt is found that there is a command injection vulnerability in the setParentalRules interface in TOTOlink A7100RU (v7.4cu.2313_b20191024)…
• CVE-2022-285801 PoCIt is found that there is a command injection vulnerability in the setL2tpServerCfg interface in TOTOlink A7100RU (v7.4cu.2313_b20191024)…
• CVE-2022-285811 PoCIt is found that there is a command injection vulnerability in the setWiFiAdvancedCfg interface in TOTOlink A7100RU…
• CVE-2022-285821 PoCIt is found that there is a command injection vulnerability in the setWiFiSignalCfg interface in TOTOlink A7100RU (v7.4cu.2313_b20191024)…
• CVE-2022-285831 PoCIt is found that there is a command injection vulnerability in the setWiFiWpsCfg interface in TOTOlink A7100RU (v7.4cu.2313_b20191024)…
• CVE-2022-285841 PoCIt is found that there is a command injection vulnerability in the setWiFiWpsStart interface in TOTOlink A7100RU (v7.4cu.2313_b20191024)…
• CVE-2022-285861 PoCXSS in edit page of Hoosk 1.8.0 allows attacker to execute javascript code in user browser via edit page with XSS payload bypass filter…
• CVE-2022-285891 PoCA stored cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability in Pixelimity 1.0 allows attackers to execute arbitrary web scripts or HTML via the…
• CVE-2022-285901 PoCA Remote Code Execution (RCE) vulnerability exists in Pixelimity 1.0 via admin/admin-ajax.php?action=install_theme.
• CVE-2022-285982 PoCsFrappe ERPNext 12.29.0 is vulnerable to XSS where the software does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralize user-controllable input…
• CVE-2022-285991 PoCA stored cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability exists in FUEL-CMS 1.5.1 that allows an authenticated user to upload a malicious .pdf…
• CVE-2022-286011 PoCA Two-Factor Authentication (2FA) bypass vulnerability in "Simple 2FA Plugin for Moodle" by LMS Doctor allows remote attackers to…
• CVE-2022-286641 PoCA memory corruption vulnerability exists in the httpd unescape functionality of FreshTomato 2022.1. A specially-crafted HTTP request can…
• CVE-2022-286651 PoCA memory corruption vulnerability exists in the httpd unescape functionality of FreshTomato 2022.1. A specially-crafted HTTP request can…
• CVE-2022-286661 PoCWordPress Custom Product Tabs for WooCommerce plugin <= 1.7.7 - Broken Access Control vulnerability
• CVE-2022-286723 PoCsThis vulnerability allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code on affected installations of Foxit PDF Reader 11.2.1.53537. User…
• CVE-2022-287031 PoCA stored cross-site scripting vulnerability exists in the HdConfigActions.aspx altertextlanguages functionality of Lansweeper lansweeper…
• CVE-2022-287101 PoCAn information disclosure vulnerability exists in the chunkFile functionality of WWBN AVideo 11.6 and dev master commit 3f7c0364. A…
• CVE-2022-287111 PoCA memory corruption vulnerability exists in the cgi.c unescape functionality of ArduPilot APWeb master branch 50b6b7ac - master branch…
• CVE-2022-287121 PoCA cross-site scripting (xss) vulnerability exists in the videoAddNew functionality of WWBN AVideo 11.6 and dev master commit 3f7c0364. A…
• CVE-2022-288053 PoCssinglevar in lparser.c in Lua from (including) 5.4.0 up to (excluding) 5.4.4 lacks a certain luaK_exp2anyregup call, leading to a…
• CVE-2022-288102 PoCsKEVZoho ManageEngine ADSelfService Plus before build 6122 allows a remote authenticated administrator to execute arbitrary operating OS…
• CVE-2022-288631 PoCAn issue was discovered in Nokia NetAct 22. A remote user, authenticated to the website, can visit the Site Configuration Tool section and…
• CVE-2022-288641 PoCAn issue was discovered in Nokia NetAct 22 through the Administration of Measurements website section. A malicious user can edit or add…
• CVE-2022-288651 PoCAn issue was discovered in Nokia NetAct 22 through the Site Configuration Tool website section. A malicious user can change a filename of…
• CVE-2022-288662 PoCsMultiple Improper Access Control was discovered in Nokia AirFrame BMC Web GUI < R18 Firmware v4.13.00. It does not properly validate…
• CVE-2022-288671 PoCAn issue was discovered in Nokia NetAct 22 through the Administration of Measurements website section. A malicious user can edit or add…
• CVE-2022-288882 PoCsSpryker Commerce OS 1.4.2 allows Remote Command Execution.
• CVE-2022-288951 PoCA command injection vulnerability in the component /setnetworksettings/IPAddress of D-Link DIR882 DIR882A1_FW130B06 allows attackers to…
• CVE-2022-288961 PoCA command injection vulnerability in the component /setnetworksettings/SubnetMask of D-Link DIR882 DIR882A1_FW130B06 allows attackers to…
• CVE-2022-289011 PoCA command injection vulnerability in the component /SetTriggerLEDBlink/Blink of D-Link DIR882 DIR882A1_FW130B06 allows attackers to…
• CVE-2022-289051 PoCTOTOLink N600R V5.3c.7159_B20190425 was discovered to contain a command injection vulnerability via the devicemac parameter in…
• CVE-2022-289062 PoCsTOTOLink N600R V5.3c.7159_B20190425 was discovered to contain a command injection vulnerability via the langtype parameter in…
• CVE-2022-289071 PoCTOTOLink N600R V5.3c.7159_B20190425 was discovered to contain a command injection vulnerability via the hosttime function in…
• CVE-2022-289081 PoCTOTOLink N600R V5.3c.7159_B20190425 was discovered to contain a command injection vulnerability via the ipdoamin parameter in…
• CVE-2022-289091 PoCTOTOLink N600R V5.3c.7159_B20190425 was discovered to contain a command injection vulnerability via the webwlanidx parameter in…
• CVE-2022-289101 PoCTOTOLink N600R V5.3c.7159_B20190425 was discovered to contain a command injection vulnerability via the devicename parameter in…
• CVE-2022-289111 PoCTOTOLink N600R V5.3c.7159_B20190425 was discovered to contain a command injection vulnerability via the filename parameter in…
• CVE-2022-289121 PoCTOTOLink N600R V5.3c.7159_B20190425 was discovered to contain a command injection vulnerability via the filename parameter in…
• CVE-2022-289131 PoCTOTOLink N600R V5.3c.7159_B20190425 was discovered to contain a command injection vulnerability via the filename parameter in…
• CVE-2022-289151 PoCD-Link DIR-816 A2_v1.10CNB04 was discovered to contain a command injection vulnerability via the admuser and admpass parameters in…
• CVE-2022-289171 PoCTenda AX12 v22.03.01.21_cn was discovered to contain a stack overflow via the lanIp parameter in /goform/AdvSetLanIp.
• CVE-2022-289201 PoCTieba-Cloud-Sign v4.9 was discovered to contain a cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability via the function strip_tags.
• CVE-2022-289211 PoCA Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF) vulnerability discovered in BlogEngine.Net v3.3.8.0 allows unauthenticated attackers to read arbitrary…
• CVE-2022-289231 PoCCaddy v2.4.6 was discovered to contain an open redirection vulnerability which allows attackers to redirect users to phishing websites via…
• CVE-2022-289241 PoCAn information disclosure vulnerability in UniverSIS-Students before v1.5.0 allows attackers to obtain sensitive information via a crafted…
• CVE-2022-289271 PoCA remote code execution (RCE) vulnerability in Subconverter v0.7.2 allows attackers to execute arbitrary code via crafted config and url…
• CVE-2022-289442 PoCsCertain EMCO Software products are affected by: CWE-494: Download of Code Without Integrity Check. This affects MSI Package Builder for…
• CVE-2022-289551 PoCAn access control issue in D-Link DIR816L_FW206b01 allows unauthenticated attackers to access folders folder_view.php and category_view.php.
• CVE-2022-289622 PoCsOnline Sports Complex Booking System 1.0 is vulnerable to SQL Injection via /scbs/classes/Users.php?f=delete_client.
• CVE-2022-289661 PoCWasm3 0.5.0 has a heap-based buffer overflow in NewCodePage in m3_code.c (called indirectly from Compile_BranchTable in m3_compile.c).
• CVE-2022-289691 PoCTenda AX1806 v1.0.0.1 was discovered to contain a stack overflow via the shareSpeed parameter in the function fromSetWifiGusetBasic. This…
• CVE-2022-289701 PoCTenda AX1806 v1.0.0.1 was discovered to contain a heap overflow via the mac parameter in the function GetParentControlInfo. This…
• CVE-2022-289711 PoCTenda AX1806 v1.0.0.1 was discovered to contain a stack overflow via the list parameter in the function fromSetIpMacBind. This…
• CVE-2022-289721 PoCTenda AX1806 v1.0.0.1 was discovered to contain a stack overflow via the timeZone parameter in the function form_fast_setting_wifi_set…
• CVE-2022-289731 PoCTenda AX1806 v1.0.0.1 was discovered to contain a stack overflow via the wanMTU parameter in the function fromAdvSetMacMtuWan. This…
• CVE-2022-289751 PoCA stored cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability in Infoblox NIOS v8.5.2-409296 allows attackers to execute arbitrary web scripts or HTML…
• CVE-2022-289861 PoCLMS Doctor Simple 2 Factor Authentication Plugin For Moodle Affected: 2021072900 has an Insecure direct object references (IDOR)…
• CVE-2022-289872 PoCsZoho ManageEngine ADSelfService Plus before 6202 allows attackers to perform username enumeration via a crafted POST request to…
• CVE-2022-289901 PoCWASM3 v0.5.0 was discovered to contain a heap overflow via the component /wabt/bin/poc.wasm.
• CVE-2022-289911 PoCMulti Store Inventory Management System v1.0 was discovered to contain an information disclosure vulnerability which allows attackers to…
• CVE-2022-289921 PoCA Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF) in Online Banquet Booking System v1.0 allows attackers to change admin credentials via a crafted POST…
• CVE-2022-289931 PoCMulti Store Inventory Management System v1.0 allows attackers to perform an account takeover via a crafted POST request.
• CVE-2022-289941 PoCSmall HTTP Server version 3.06 suffers from a remote buffer overflow vulnerability via long GET request.
• CVE-2022-289971 PoCCSZCMS v1.3.0 allows attackers to execute a Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF) which can be leveraged to leak sensitive data via a local…
• CVE-2022-289981 PoCXlight FTP v3.9.3.2 was discovered to contain a stack-based buffer overflow which allows attackers to leak sensitive information via…